[The benefits of reading aloud in geriatric wards and institutions]. / Les bienfaits de la lecture à voix haute dans les services et institutions de gériatrie.

The number of elderly patients hospitalized in geriatric wards and institutions on a temporary or more permanent basis is increasing. We know that thymic symptoms, such as depression, behavioral disorders and boredom, are common in these patients. We also know that the drug therapies used to treat these symptoms are sometimes a source of iatrogenesis and can be ineffective. That's why "non-drug" therapies are so useful. What if reading aloud could be part of the management of our elderly patients?

A "Patient Preference" Model of Recruitment for Research from Primary-Care-Based Memory Clinics: A Promising New Approach.

Recruiting persons with dementia for clinical trials can be challenging. Building on a guide initially developed to assist primary-care-based memory clinics in their efforts to support research, a key stakeholder working group meeting was held to develop a standardized research recruitment process, with input from patients, care partners, researchers, and clinicians. Discussions in this half-day facilitated meeting focused on the wishes and needs of patients and care partners, policy and procedures for researchers, information provided to patients, and considerations for memory clinics. Patients and care partners valued the opportunity to contribute to science and provided important insights on how to best facilitate recruitment. Discussions regarding proposed processes and procedures for research recruitment highlighted the need for a new, patient-driven approach. Accordingly, a key stakeholder co-designed "Memory Clinic Research Match" program was developed that has the potential to overcome existing barriers and to increase recruitment for dementia-related research.

[Memory and traumatism: From biology to humanities]. / Mémoire et traumatisme : de la biologie aux sciences sociales.

This article is a brief Introduction to a series of articles issued from the Journée Claude Bernard, organized at the Académie Nationale de Médecine. This session had for thematic "Memory and traumatism" and was composed of presentations coming from different disciplines including biological sciences and humanities. Several publications come from the Programme 13-Novembre, devoted to a traumatic event in French society - the attacks of 13 November 2015 in Paris and its immediate suburbs - and its consequences on the construction of individual and collective memories of this tragic event.

Title: Mémoire et traumatisme : de la biologie aux sciences sociales. Abstract: Cet article est une brève Introduction à une série d'articles issus de la Journée Claude Bernard, organisée à l'Académie Nationale de Médecine le 24 novembre 2021. Cette Journée, dont le thème était « Mémoire et traumatisme ¼, avait pour originalité de présenter des travaux provenant de disciplines différentes allant des sciences biologiques aux sciences humaines et sociales. Plusieurs publications s'appuient sur le Programme 13-Novembre, qui envisage les conséquences des attentats du 13 novembre 2015 sur la construction des mémoires individuelles et collectives de cet événement dramatique.

[The Programme 13-Novembre between individual memory and collective memory]. / Le Programme 13-Novembre entre mémoire individuelle et mémoire collective.

The purpose of this article is to present the evolution of scientific work on human memory from the end of the 19th century. The work of experimental psychology and neuropsychology first dominated the scientific scene. Research in the humanities and social sciences was established in the interwar period, but without any real interaction with psychology and neurosciences. We recall the most emblematic historical works of two distinct visions of memory: those of the experimental psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus who measured memory, on himself, from lists of meaningless syllables, and those of the sociologist Maurice Halbwachs for whom any act of memory is a social act. This disciplinary closure persisted until the end of the 20th century. A real social shift has taken place since the 2000s, with a desire to studying and understanding the interactions between individual and collective memories. In this article, the authors argue for the emergence of "sciences of memory" based on dialectic and transdisciplinarity. They draw on the Programme 13-Novembre that is emblematic of this evolution. The Programme 13-Novembre has seized upon a diversity of research tools on memory by applying them to a traumatic event in French society: the attacks of 13 November 2015 in Paris and its immediate suburbs. Its genesis, its overall architecture and several of its components are presented here, as well as a few results already published. In addition to its theoretical scope, this work has many possible applications, particularly in the understanding and management of various pathologies, post-traumatic stress disorder being the most demonstrative in this respect.

Title: Le Programme 13-Novembre entre mémoire individuelle et mémoire collective. Abstract: Cet article a pour objectif de présenter l'évolution des travaux scientifiques sur la mémoire humaine de la fin du 19e siècle à aujourd'hui. Les travaux de psychologie expérimentale et de neuropsychologie ont d'abord dominé la scène scientifique. Des recherches en sciences humaines et sociales se sont mises en place dans l'entre-deux-guerres, mais sans réelle interaction avec celles menées en psychologie et en neurosciences. Cette clôture disciplinaire a persisté jusqu'à la fin du 20e siècle. Un véritable tournant social s'est opéré depuis les années 2000 avec comme volonté d'étudier et de comprendre les interactions entre mémoires individuelles et mémoires collectives. Dans cet article, les auteurs plaident pour l'émergence de « sciences de la mémoire ¼ fondées sur la dialectique et la transdisciplinarité. Ils s'appuient sur le Programme 13-Novembre, emblématique de cette évolution. Sa genèse, son architecture d'ensemble et plusieurs de ses composantes sont présentées ici ainsi que quelques résultats déjà publiés. Outre leur portée théorique, ces travaux rendent possibles de nombreuses applications, en particulier dans la compréhension et la prise en charge de différentes pathologies, le trouble de stress post-traumatique étant la plus démonstrative à cet égard.

[Memory alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder]. / Les altérations de la mémoire dans le trouble de stress post-traumatique.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops following the experience of a highly stressful event, which involves a confrontation with death or the threat of death, serious injury or sexual violence. It is characterized by symptoms such as intrusions, avoidance and hypervigilance. According to the literature, PTSD is associated with an imbalance between a privileged memorization of the emotional and sensory aspects of the traumatic event and a failure to memorize the contextual aspects. That is why PTSD is now considered a memory disorder whose effects extend to several components. In this review article, we focus on how PTSD affects long-term memory. The first part describes the long-term effects of PTSD on episodic memory with emphasis on the difficulties in encoding certain elements of the traumatic event and their consequences. These difficulties may be manifested in the narration of the trauma, with a discourse of the traumatic event lacking in contextual details. They may also lead to reliving and generalizing the fear to other contexts, whether they are related to the trauma or not. The second part of the article discusses how PTSD affects autobiographical memory and has consequences for the construction of identity and the perception of the past, present and future of people with this disorder. Autobiographical memory, which plays a key role in the storage of past personal memories as well as in identity formation, shows several forms of disruption induced by PTSD. First, a decrease in contextual details associated with memories of the personal past is observed, meaning that people with PTSD tend to remember their past experiences less accurately. Second, a propensity to project the future in a more negative and unpredictable manner is evidenced, related to a feeling of uncertainty about the future in PTSD suffering individuals. Finally, alterations in the encoding of present events due to the disruptive effects of post-traumatic stress symptoms during the encoding process are also identified.

Title: Les altérations de la mémoire dans le trouble de stress post-traumatique. Abstract: Le Trouble de Stress Post-Traumatique (TSPT) est une pathologie qui se développe chez une personne qui a fait l'expérience d'un événement hautement stressant impliquant une confrontation à la mort ou à une menace de mort, à une blessure grave ou à des violences sexuelles. Ce trouble se caractérise par plusieurs symptômes dont les intrusions, l'évitement et l'hypervigilance. Le TSPT est associé à un déséquilibre entre une mémorisation exacerbée des aspects émotionnels et sensoriels de l'événement traumatique et un défaut de mémorisation des aspects contextuels. En conséquence, le TSPT est aujourd'hui considéré comme un trouble de la mémoire dont les retentissements s'étendent à plusieurs de ses composantes. Cet article expose les conséquences du TSPT sur la mémoire à long terme et met la focale sur deux mécanismes : l'encodage partiel de l'événement traumatique en mémoire épisodique et l'influence de cette expérience traumatique sur les souvenirs personnels en mémoire autobiographique. L'article aborde en première partie les difficultés d'encodage de certains éléments de l'événement traumatique et leurs conséquences, comprenant les reviviscences ainsi que la persistance et la généralisation de la peur à d'autres contextes plus ou moins liés à l'événement traumatique. La deuxième partie aborde la façon dont le trouble affecte la mémoire autobiographique et l'identité en occasionnant une réduction de la précision des événements du passé, des altérations de la capacité à se projeter dans des événements futurs et un encodage incomplet de nouveaux événements.

[Collective memory and social memory: contributions of sociology to a general theory of memory]. / Mémoire collective et mémoire sociale : apports de la sociologie à une théorie générale de la mémoire.

Is a general theory of memory possible? What contribution can sociology make to this vast scientific project? Two original contributions are presented and discussed in this article: (1) the concept of collective memory (Maurice Halbwachs); (2) the concept of social memory (Niklas Luhmann). The author proposes some important theoretical clarifications. First, memory is neither a stock nor a collection (of past states or events) but rather a continuous operation of sorting between remembering and forgetting. Secondly, collective memory is not social memory: indeed, the former is a specific operation of psychic systems whereas the latter is an operation of communication, specific to social systems. In the particular case of the attacks of November 13, 2015 in Paris, the author shows the function of social memory that the mass media system fulfills and how these operations of filtering meaning condition the construction of traumatic memories.

Title: Mémoire collective et mémoire sociale : apports de la sociologie à une théorie générale de la mémoire. Abstract: Une théorie générale de la mémoire est-elle possible ? Quelle contribution la sociologie peut-elle apporter à ce vaste projet scientifique ? Deux contributions originales sont présentées et discutées dans cet article : (1) le concept de mémoire collective (Maurice Halbwachs) ; (2) le concept de mémoire sociale (Niklas Luhmann). L'auteur propose quelques clarifications théoriques importantes. D'abord, la mémoire n'est ni un stock ni une collection (d'états ou d'événements passés) mais plutôt une opération continue de tri entre souvenir et oubli. Ensuite, la mémoire collective n'est pas la mémoire sociale : en effet, la première est une opération spécifique des systèmes psychiques ; quant à la seconde, elle est une opération de communication, propre aux systèmes sociaux. Dans le cas particulier des attentats du 13 novembre 2015 à Paris, l'auteur montre la fonction de mémoire sociale que remplit le système des médias de masse et comment ces opérations de filtrage du sens conditionnent la construction de souvenirs traumatiques.

[The social traces of the trauma of the 13 November 2015 terrorist attacks: Five years and seven months after]. / Les traces sociales du traumatisme des attentats du 13 novembre 2015 : cinq ans et sept mois après.

The monitoring of how public opinion memorizes the terrorist attacks from 13th November 2015, and moreover the terrorist attacks since the early 2000s, provides new material for understanding the evolution over time and the mechanisms of the construction of collective memory. Data collected to date show that these attacks had a greater impact on the population than other tragic events that have occurred in recent history in France, or even a greater impact than other and much more recent attacks. In the long term, the precise memory of the factual aspects and the memories of the personal circumstances in which people learned about the events begin to vanish. While imprecision is gaining ground, collective memory now crystallizes on very significant and overdetermined markers such as emblematic places or locations such as the "Bataclan". As a matter of fact, this imprecision of memory goes hand-in-hand with a much stronger symbolic and emotional investment of the event as a whole and leads to an overestimation of the number of terrorists or victims. The special place given to the terrorist attacks of 13th November in the collective memory is due to the unprecedented number of victims, the fact that the attacks took place in the heart of the capital city, the reaction of the public authorities who declared a long lasting state of emergency, the discursive framing of the war on terrorism in all major media, and the feeling that the Islamist threat can kill indiscriminately without targeting specific categories of the population. The study also reveals the influence of value systems (political opinions, views of the republican model) and social characteristics of individuals on the way people memorize such experiences. It is part of a fundamentally multidisciplinary research around "Memory and trauma" that includes neuroscience, biological and clinical investigations.

Title: Les traces sociales du traumatisme des attentats du 13 novembre 2015 : cinq ans et sept mois après. Abstract: Le suivi de la mémoire des attentats du 13 novembre, et plus généralement des attaques terroristes depuis l'an 2000, auprès de la population générale offre un matériau inédit pour comprendre l'évolution dans le temps et la construction de la mémoire collective. L'étude montre que ces attaques ont davantage marqué la population que d'autres événements tragiques survenus dans l'Hexagone dans une période de temps proche, ou même que d'autres attentats beaucoup plus récents. Avec le temps, la mémorisation précise des faits et les souvenirs des circonstances dans lesquelles les personnes ont appris les faits s'érodent, et se concentrent notamment autour du lieu du Bataclan. Mais, cette imprécision fait place à un investissement symbolique plus fort, qui conduit notamment à une surestimation du nombre de terroristes ou de victimes. Les raisons de la place particulière dévolue aux attaques du 13 novembre dans la mémoire collective tiennent à la fois au nombre inégalé de victimes, à l'attaque de lieux situés dans la capitale, à la réaction des pouvoirs publics qui instaurent l'état d'urgence, au cadrage discursif de la guerre contre le terrorisme amplifié par les médias télévisuels et au sentiment que la menace islamiste peut tuer aveuglément sans viser des catégories précises de population. L'étude met également à jour l'influence des systèmes de valeur (couleur politique, regard sur le modèle républicain) et des caractéristiques sociales des individus sur la mémoire. Elle s'inscrit dans une recherche fondamentalement pluridisciplinaire autour de la « Mémoire et traumatisme ¼ intégrant des travaux en biologie, neurosciences et médecine.

[Memories of the 13-November 2015 terrorist attacks: what discourse analysis can teach us]. / Mémoires des attentats terroristes du 13-Novembre 2015 : ce que peut nous apprendre l'analyse de discours.

The Programme 13-Novembre aims to analyze the individual and collective memory of the terrorist attacks of November 13, 2015. At its heart is the Étude 1000, which is to gather the same 1000 people in audiovisual interviews four times in 10 years. Having the transcripts at our disposal, we choose here to show the importance of discourse analysis by recalling its theoretical foundations, to present one of the tools allowing this statistical analysis, the Correspondence Factor Analysis, and to use it to analyze the sub-corpus of interviews conducted at a distance from the Paris events, with 76 inhabitants of the Metz region. Crossing these volunteers with the words they use, we see that two variables clearly stand out that oppose the vocabularies, the gender variable and the age variable.

Title: Mémoires des attentats terroristes du 13-Novembre 2015 : ce que peut nous apprendre l'analyse de discours. Abstract: Le Programme 13-Novembre vise à analyser la mémoire individuelle et collective des attentats terroristes du 13 novembre 2015. Au cœur se trouve l'Étude 1000 qui doit recueillir, à 4 reprises en 10 ans, les témoignages des mêmes 1000 personnes dans des entretiens audiovisuels. Disposant des transcriptions, nous choisissons ici de montrer l'importance de l'analyse de discours en rappelant ses fondements théoriques, de présenter l'un des outils permettant cette analyse statistique, l'Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances, et de l'utiliser pour analyser le sous-corpus des entretiens réalisés à distance des événements parisiens, auprès de 76 habitants de la région de Metz. Croisant ces volontaires avec les mots qu'ils utilisent, on constate que deux variables ressortent clairement qui opposent les vocabulaires, la variable du genre et la variable de l'âge.

Age-related Differences in T-cell Subsets and Markers of Subclinical Inflammation in Aging Are Independently Associated With Type 2 Diabetes in the Health and Retirement Study.

OBJECTIVES: Age-related changes in adaptive immunity and subclinical inflammation are both important risk factors for diabetes in older adults. We evaluated the independent association between T-cell subsets, subclinical inflammation, and diabetes risk in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). METHODS: We measured 11 T-cell subsets, 5 pro-inflammatory markers, and 2 anti-inflammatory markers from the 2016 wave of the HRS (baseline). Diabetes/prediabetes status was estimated at the 2016, 2018, and 2020 waves of HRS, based on levels of blood glucose/glycated hemoglobin in plasma or self-reported status. We used survey generalized logit models to evaluate the cross-sectional associations and Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate longitudinal associations. RESULTS: Among 8,540 participants (56 to 107 years of age), 27.6% had prevalent type 2 diabetes and 31.1% had prediabetes in the 2016 survey. After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, obesity, smoking, comorbidity index, and cytomegalovirus seropositivity, individuals with type 2 diabetes had lower naive T cells and higher memory and terminal effector T cells as compared with normoglycemic individuals. Among 3,230 normoglycemic participants in the 2016 survey, the incidence of diabetes was 1.8% over 4 years of follow-up. The baseline percentage of CD4+ effector memory T cells was associated with a lower risk of incident diabetes (hazard ratio [HR]=0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49 to 0.80, p=0.0003) after adjustment for covariates. Baseline level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was associated with risk of incident diabetes (HR=1.52, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.97, p=0.002). The associations between age-related changes in CD4+ effector memory T cells and risk of incident diabetes remained unchanged after adjustment for subclinical inflammation, although adjusting for CD4+ effector memory T cells nullified the association between IL-6 and incident diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the baseline percentage of CD4+ effector memory T cells was inversely associated with incident diabetes independent of subclinical inflammation, but CD4+ effector memory T-cell subsets affected the relationship between IL-6 and incident diabetes. Further studies are needed to confirm and investigate mechanisms by which T-cell immunity affects diabetes risk.

Os arquivos no centro das questões de identidade, imediatismo e memória / Les archives au cœur des enjeux d'identité, d'immédiateté et de mémoire / Archives at the heart of issues of identity, immediacy, and memory

Os arquivos estão no centro de práticas e políticas contraditórias: por um lado, produção massiva, recolha imediata, exploração instantânea e publicação aberta; por outro lado, esquecimento, destruição ou negligência, e acesso fechado. O artigo ilustra essas contradições comparando, em primeiro lugar, três iniciativas de recolha de arquivos que permitiram e permitem recuperar o lugar do 'invisível' nas nossas sociedades, contra duas operações mais coletivas na sequência da tragédia francesa de 13 de Novembro de 2015 e dos períodos de confinamento. Depois da recolha, colocam-se questões relacionadas com as tensões geradas pela produção digital: como gerir o fluxo contínuo, a exigência de imediatismo, o recuo da presença humana? Finalmente, num contexto em que coexistem políticas públicas de memória e medidas regulamentares destinadas a proteger o segredo de defesa e o direito ao esquecimento, como podem arquivistas e historiadores trabalhar em conjunto para garantir que esta memória possa ser restituída aos cidadãos?

Les archives sont au cœur de pratiques et politiques contradictoires : d'un côté production massive, collecte immédiate, exploitation instantanée et publication ouverte ; de l'autre oubli, destruction ou négligence, fermeture de l'accès. L'article illustre ces contradictions en mettant tout d'abord en regard trois initiatives de collectes d'archives qui ont permis et permettent de restituer la place des « invisibles ¼ dans nos sociétés, face à deux opérations plus collectives par suite du drame français du 13 novembre 2015 et des périodes de confinement. Après la collecte viennent les questions relatives aux tensions générées par la production numérique : comment gérer le flux continu, la demande d'immédiateté, le recul de la présence humaine ? Enfin, dans un contexte où voisinent politiques publiques mémorielles et dispositifs réglementaires destinés à protéger le secret-défense et le droit à l'oubli, comment peuvent travailler archivistes et historiens pour que cette mémoire puisse être restituée aux citoyens ?

Archives are at the heart of contradictory practices and policies: on the one hand, massive production, imme-diate collection, instantaneous exploitation, and open publication; on the other, forgetfulness, destruction or negligence, and closure of access. The article illustrates these contradictions by, first of all, comparing three archive collection initiatives that have allowed and allow us to restore the place of the 'invisible' in our societies in the face of two more collective operations following the French drama of November 13, 2015, and the confinement periods. After the collection come the questions relating to the tensions generated by digital production: how to manage the continuous flow, the demand for immediacy, and the declining human presence? Finally, in a context where public memorial policies and regulatory measures intended to protect defense secrecy and the right to be forgotten coexist, how can archivists and historians work to restore this memory to citizens?

Effect of traumatic upper-limb injury on cognitive functions: A cross-sectional observational study.

OBJECTIVES: There is growing evidence of cognitive impairment after traumatic peripheral lesions. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between cognitive function and traumatic upper-limb injury. We assessed difference in cognitive function between participants with and without upper-limb injury, and explored the association between cognitive function and certain variables in injured individuals: gender, age, body mass index (BMI), educational level, and occupation. We sought to identify the factors associated with cognitive function in injured subjects: time since injury, injury side, nerve injury, hand function, pain, and finger sensation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, with 2 groups: observational group (with traumatic upper-limb injury) and control group (uninjured). The 2 groups were matched for age, gender, BMI, educational level and occupation. Short-term memory and executive functions were assessed using the Rey Auditory and Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), respectively. RESULTS: 104 participants with traumatic upper-limb injury and 104 uninjured control subjects were included. There was a significant inter-group difference only in RAVLT (p < 0.01; Cohen d, of 0.38). Regression analysis demonstrated an association of pain on VAS (beta = -0.16, p < 0.01) and touch-test (beta = 1.09, p < 0.05) with total RAVLT score (short-term memory) in injured subjects (R2 = 0.19, F (2, 82) = 9.54, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Traumatic upper-limb injury can impact short-term memory, which should be kept in mind during rehabilitation.

1. Victims of Enforced Disappearances: Absent Bodies, Inner Presences: 1. Victims of Enforced Disappearances: Absent Bodies, Inner Presences1.

Enforced disappearance represents the quintessence of human rights violations with a strong psychological component. Bodies vanishing have a deterrent effect by terrorizing and paralyzing the entire society. However, the absence of those bodies is overly present in the inner experience of the families of the disappeared, who are victims in their turn. A state of severe psychological deterioration affects the relatives of the disappeared: depression, anxiety, powerlessness, guilt, post-traumatic stress disorder, inability to mourn, even suicide are the consequences of the unbearable uncertainty about the fate of the loved one. But the disappeared persons, notwithstanding the absence of their bodies, continue to be more present than ever in the inner experience of those who have loved them. For the families of the disappeared, to regain psychological equilibrium is a fine balance between the need to remember and the necessity to forget. The author affirms that, at a social and political level, to cultivate a collective memory of enforced disappearance is an ethical duty which validates the actual occurrence of the atrocities, helps prevent repetition and alleviates the transgenerational transmission of trauma.

Les disparitions forcées représentent la quintessence des violations des droits humains avec une forte composante psychologique. Les corps que l'on ne retrouve pas sont un moyen de dissuasion qui opère en terrorisant et paralysant la société toute entière. L'absence de ces corps est excessivement présente dans l'expérience intérieure des familles de ces disparus ; elles deviennent des victimes à leur tour. Un état de détérioration psychologique aigu affecte les membres de la famille du disparu : dépression, angoisse, sentiment d'impuissance, culpabilité, syndrome post-traumatique, incapacité à faire le deuil, et même le suicide sont les conséquences de l'insupportable incertitude concernant le destin de la personne aimée. Les personnes disparues, du fait de l'absence de leur dépouille, continuent d'être plus que jamais présentes dans l'expérience intérieure de ceux qui les ont aimées. Pour les familles des disparus, retrouver une stabilité psychologique se trouve dans un équilibre délicat entre le besoin de se souvenir et la nécessité d'oublier. L'auteur soutient qu'au niveau social et politique, cultiver une mémoire collective des disparitions forcées est un devoir éthique qui confirme que des atrocités ont bien eu lieu, qui aide à en prévenir la répétition et qui allège la transmission transgénérationnelle du traumatisme.

La desaparición forzada representa la quintaesencia de las violaciones de derechos humanos con un fuerte componente psicológico. La desaparición de cuerpos tiene un efecto disuasorio al aterrorizar y paralizar a toda la sociedad. Sin embargo, la ausencia de esos cuerpos está excesivamente presente en la experiencia interior de las familias de los desaparecidos, que son víctimas a su vez. Un estado de grave deterioro psicológico afecta a los familiares de los desaparecidos: depresión, ansiedad, impotencia, culpabilidad, trastorno de estrés postraumático, incapacidad para el duelo, incluso suicidio son las consecuencias de la insoportable incertidumbre sobre la suerte del ser querido. Pero las personas desaparecidas, a pesar de la ausencia de sus cuerpos, siguen estando más presentes que nunca en la experiencia interior de quienes las han amado. Para las familias de los desaparecidos, recuperar el equilibrio psicológico es un delicado equilibrio entre la necesidad de recordar y la necesidad de olvidar. La autora afirma que, a nivel social y político, cultivar una memoria colectiva de la desaparición forzada es un deber ético que valida la ocurrencia real de las atrocidades, ayuda a prevenir su repetición y alivia la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma.

Collective Trauma, Implicit Memories, the Body, and Active Imagination in Jungian Analysis1.

This presentation attempts to show the healing potential underlying the inclusion of the patient's body in the analytic process, while honouring and revisiting the understanding of the psyche-body connection described by Jung in his early work. In addition, the author offers reflections on the impact of collective trauma whose aftermath, among others, has been the disappearance of thousands of people, consequently breaking the family genealogy, leaving hundreds of children stripped of their roots and true identity. Referencing clinical material, the author describes how the process of translation and integration-from the sensory-perceptual to the conceptual-symbolic-can be halted on account of collective trauma occurring at an early stage in development. Moreover, it is shown how the potential of the archetype or image schema, linked to the somatic-affective early experiences encoded as implicit memories, can be recovered, when Embodied Active Imagination is included in the analytic work. The patient's bodily gestures and somatic experience may bridge the gap between the preverbal-implicit knowledge and the emergence of emotions and images that allow for the creation of a new symbolic narrative.

Cette présentation vise à montrer le potentiel de guérison qu'il y a quand on inclut le corps du patient dans le processus analytique. En même temps la présentation fait honneur et revisite la compréhension du lien psyché-soma que Jung a décrite dans ses écrits précoces. De plus, l'auteur offre des réflexions sur l'impact de traumatismes collectifs dont les suites ont été - entre autres - la disparition de milliers de personnes, et en conséquence la cassure de la généalogie familiale, laissant des centaines d'enfants privés de leurs racines et de leur identité véritable. En faisant référence au matériel clinique l'auteur décrit comment le processus de traduction et d'intégration - du sensoriel-perceptuel au conceptuel-symbolique - peut être stoppé du fait d'un traumatisme collectif se produisant à un stade précoce du développement. D'autre part, il est montré comment le potentiel de l'archétype ou schéma-image, lié aux expériences précoces affectives et somatiques codées en tant que souvenirs implicites, peut être retrouvé quand on inclut l'Imagination Active Incarnée dans le travail analytique. Les mouvements du corps du patient et son expérience somatique peuvent agir comme une passerelle entre la connaissance implicite préverbale et l'émergence d'émotions et d'images qui permettent la création d'un récit symbolique nouveau.

Esta presentación propone mostrar el potencial curativo que subyace a la inclusión del cuerpo del paciente en el proceso analítico, al tiempo que honra y revisita la comprensión de la conexión psique-cuerpo descripta por Jung en sus primeros trabajos. Además, la autora ofrece reflexiones sobre el impacto del trauma colectivo cuyas secuelas, entre otras, han sido la desaparición de miles de personas, rompiendo en consecuencia la genealogía familiar y dejando a cientos de niños despojados de sus raíces y de su verdadera identidad. Tomando como referencia material clínico, la autora describe cómo el proceso de traducción e integración, de lo sensorio-perceptivo a lo conceptual-simbólico, puede detenerse debido a que el trauma colectivo se produce en una fase temprana del desarrollo. Se muestra, a su vez, cómo puede recuperarse el potencial del arquetipo o esquema-imagen, vinculado a las tempranas experiencias somato-afectivas codificadas como memorias implícitas, cuando se incluye la Imaginación Activa Corporizada en el trabajo analítico. Los gestos corporales y la experiencia somática del paciente pueden tender un puente entre el conocimiento preverbal-implícito y la emergencia de emociones e imágenes que permite la creación de una nueva narrativa simbólica.

[Can computer alerts in general practitioners' software upgrade cancer screening participation? A monocentric randomized study in France]. / Une alerte dans le logiciel des médecins généralistes permet-elle une augmentation de la participation au dépistage du cancer colorectal ? Une étude randomisée monocentrique.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in France, and the second regarding mortality with almost 17,100 deaths each year. When screened at an early stage, the five-year survival is around 90 %. Since 2008, a screening program has been introduced in France with the fecal occult blood test. Ten years later, the targeted participation for the screening program is at least 45 % when the actual French average participation is around 30,2 %. We tried to find an efficient way to help general practitioners to recognise patients that did not do the test with a pop-up alert in their informatics files. We built our prospective study in a health center in Val d'Oise (France). We randomized 2230 patients in two equal groups, one control at one with the alert in files. We controlled the patients' status each month for 6 months. At the end of study, 152 (13,6 %) patients did the test in the control group and 179 (16 %) in the intervention group. In intention to treat, we found no difference between the two groups (P=0.11). Multivariate analysis proved that consulting their general practitioner enhanced participation (P=0.02). We showed the positive influence of a consultation with the general practitioner who can improve participation for this screening program. Our study was certainly too short in time and with a too small sample to prove a significant difference, and more investigation could confirm our hypothesis.

Stem bark chloroform extract of Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet exhibit anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed at evaluating the potentials of stem bark extracts of Bombax costatum (B. costatum) on seizure, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced kindling and associated changes in wistar albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phase 1 evaluated which extract of B. costatum (chloroform, ethanol and n-hexane) is most effective in preventing seizure in acute PTZ-induced (85mg/kg) seizure in rats. Phase 2 evaluated the potentials of stem bark chloroform extract of B. costatum in PTZ-kindled rats at a dose 250 and 500mg/kg in comparison to diazepam. As its effects on memory, oxidative stress markers, neurotransmitters and brain histology were evaluated. Phase 3 determined the probable curative effects of B. costatum on fully kindled rats. RESULTS: In phase 1, Chloroform extract of B. coststum 500mg/kg is the most effective (P<0.05) in preventing seizure as compared to ethanol and n-hexane extracts. In phase 2, chloroform extract of B. costatum delayed the development of kindling, improved kindling associated cognitive impairment and alterations of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Further, it attenuated oxidative stress besides the maintenance of neuronal architecture of the hippocampus. CONCLUSION: Conclusively, chloroform stem bark extract of B. costatum antagonizes PTZ-induced seizure progression, protects against kindling induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress. Additionally, it also increases the brain level of GABA at high dose and prevented against kindling-induced hippocampal disruptions. Hence, this justifies its use traditionally in the treatment of epileptic seizures.

Memória, desmentida e traumatismo social sob a ótica da Psicanálise das Configurações Vinculares / Memory, denial and social traumatism from a Psychoanalysis of Binding Configurations perspective / Memoria, desmentida y trauma social desde la perspectiva del Psicoanálisis de las Configuraciones Vinculares / Mémoire, négationnisme et traumatisme social dans la perspective de la Psychanalyse des Configurations de Liaison

O discurso negacionista e a minimização dos efeitos nefastos da ditadura civil-militar por figuras do alto escalão do governo são exemplos emblemáticos da desmentida de histórias de sofrimento social. Este estudo teórico aborda os processos psicológicos de apagamento de memórias sociais traumáticas e seus efeitos na transmissão psíquica, da perspectiva da Psicanálise das Configurações Vinculares, à luz de Puget e Berenstein. Mobilizando os conceitos de memória social, desmentida, trauma e traumatismo social, argumentamos que a denegação de fatos traumáticos gera uma dupla violência: por um lado, produz lacunas na história e um não-trabalho vincular que favorece transmissões psíquicas transgeracionais e, por outro, atenta contra o pertencimento social e a constituição narcísica dos sujeitos. À vista disso, concluímos pela necessidade de criar um dispositivo de escuta dos traumatismos sociais na contramão da desmentida, garantindo o direito assegurado pela Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos do acesso do povo à própria história

Denialist discourses and the downplayed harmful effects of the civil-military dictatorship by high-ranking Brazilian government officials are emblematic examples of negationist attitudes towards narratives of social suffering. This theoretical study addresses the psychological processes of erasing traumatic social memories and their effects on psychic transmission based on psychoanalysis of linking configurations according to Puget and Berenstein. By mobilizing the concepts of social memory, denial, trauma and social trauma, we argue that negating traumatic facts generates a double violence: on the one hand, it produces gaps in history and a non-work linking that favors transgenerational psychic transmissions; on the other, it attacks the individuals' social belonging and narcissistic constitution. We thus conclude by pointing out the need to create a listening device for social trauma that opposes denial, ensuring the right guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of people's access to their own history

El discurso negacionista y la minimización de los efectos nocivos de la dictadura civil-militar por parte de altas figuras gubernamentales son ejemplos emblemáticos de la desmentida de las historias de sufrimiento social. Este estudio teórico aborda los procesos psicológicos de borrado de las memorias sociales traumáticas y sus efectos en la transmisión psíquica, desde la perspectiva del Psicoanálisis de las Configuraciones Vinculares, a la luz de Puget y Berenstein. Movilizando los conceptos de memoria social, desmentida, trauma y trauma social, argumentamos que la negación de los hechos traumáticos genera una doble violencia: por un lado, produce vacíos en la historia y un no-trabajo vinculante que favorece las transmisiones psíquicas transgeneracionales y, por otro lado, ataca la pertenencia social y la constitución narcisista de los sujetos. En vista de ello, concluimos con la necesidad de crear un dispositivo de escucha de los traumas sociales en la dirección opuesta a la negación, garantizando el derecho garantizado por la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos del acceso de los pueblos a su propia historia

Le discours négationniste et la minimisation des effets néfastes de la dictature civilo-militaire par des personnalités gouvernementales de haut rang sont des exemples emblématiques du déni des histoires de souffrance sociale. Cette étude théorique s'intéresse aux processus psychologiques d'effacement des souvenirs sociaux traumatisants et leurs effets sur la transmission psychique basée sur la perspective de la psychanalyse des liens proposée par Puget et Berenstein. En mobilisant les concepts de mémoire sociale, négationnisme, traumatisme et traumatisme social, nous soutenons que le déni des faits traumatiques engendre une double violence: d'une part, il produit des lacunes dans l'histoire et un non-travail contraignant qui favorise les transmissions psychiques transgénérationnelles ; d'autre part, il attaque l'appartenance sociale et la constitution narcissique des sujets. Nous concluons sur la nécessité de créer un dispositif d'écoute du traumatisme social opposé au négationnisme, en assurant le droit garanti par la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l'Homme d'accès des peuples à leur propre histoire

[The traumatic memory]. / La mémoire traumatique.

The traumatic memory, a consequence of the psychotrauma induced by incestuous violence, has inhabited Delphine throughout her childhood and a large part of her adult life. At the age of 40, following the revelations of her sister, she began psychotherapy and identified the traumatic events. She is finally able to understand and link a plural somatic symptomatology to a post-traumatic syndrome... Delphine shares here the story of this traumatic memory.